Hard choices confront many nonprofits struggling to shore up flailing budgets in the wake of the pandemic. Still, most report that despite the unprecedented nature of the pandemic and its effect on revenues, endowments will remain untouched.
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But despite cost-cutting measures and reductions to non-critical operations, other organizations are still hopelessly in the red and looking to endowments to meet their budget shortfalls. Considerations range from seeking modifications to restrictions, increasing expenditures, or even borrowing from endowment funds.
So what are the legal considerations for those considering modifying restrictions or increasing endowment spending?
Legal Considerations in Endowment Restrictions
Is it a true endowment?
Not every endowment is created the same and this can greatly impact an organization’s ability to modify endowment restrictions. Endowments are regulated by the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act (“UPMIFA”), a version of which has been adopted by most states in the U.S. UPMIFA governs endowment spending and modifications as well as investments.
There are three types of endowments:
- permanent
- temporary, and
- quasi-endowment
The first, or sometimes called a true endowment, is a gift permanently restricted by the donor, whereas a temporary or term endowment is only temporarily restricted.
A quasi-endowment is created when the Board imposes a restriction on the organization’s own general operating funds; this is not considered a permanent restriction because the board can remove the restriction at any time.
Quasi-endowment spending restrictions can simply be removed by board action. And, if your endowment is term-limited, you may no longer be obligated by its restrictions, depending on the length of the term.
If your endowment is a true endowment without a time restriction, the version of the Act adopted in your state will govern what you can or can’t do with endowment funds and you generally can’t change it without the Donor’s approval or a Court order. The Act addresses the following:
- Release or modification of gift restrictions;
- Management and investment of charitable funds;
- Investment and expenditure of endowment funds; and
- Delegation of management and investment of charitable funds.
How can I understand my endowment restrictions?
How you can use a gift is generally controlled by donor restrictions written into a gift instrument; the instrument can be as simple as an email or a memo line in a check. If there is no restricting language in the gift instrument, the terms of the solicitation (i.e. whatever the charity advertises as the purpose of their solicitation) will govern what you can or cannot do.
As to the length of the restriction, any donor restrictions that use the word endowment are considered to create a fund of permanent duration unless other language in the gift instrument limits the duration of the fund.
How do I make sure I’m using our endowment funds properly?
Arizona’s version of UPMIFA says that you can spend or accumulate an endowment as long as it is considered prudent. What is prudent? Any expenditure or accumulation that takes into consideration specific factors, including:
- The duration and preservation of the endowment fund;
- The purposes of the institution and the endowment fund;
- General economic conditions;
- The possible effect of inflation or deflation;
- The expected total return from income and the appreciation of investments;
- Other resources of the institution; and
- The investment policy of the institution.
The annual spending rate for endowments is typically between 3-6% of the fund value, considering the factors outlined above. However, under UPMIFA, there is a rebuttable presumption that spending is NOT prudent if it is an expenditure in excess of 7%.
If spending above the 7% threshold, the board must be able to show that they acted in good faith and with the care of an ordinarily prudent person. Even in states, such as Arizona, that did not adopt this rebuttable presumption, spending above 7% is in the danger zone.
Another consideration is that although the Act does not strictly prohibit spending principal, the factors charities are required to consider are geared toward maintaining the purchasing power of amounts contributed. Therefore, any expenditures that dip into the principal must be reasonable based upon the factors listed above and with the goal of making up the difference when the economy recovers.
So what should a charity faced with closing its doors or spending outside the normal restrictions of an endowment do? The first step is to inventory your endowments and other restricted gifts. Review each one to ensure you understand the restrictions.
Then, convene your board and carefully consider each of the above-listed factors. Ultimately, it boils down to the question of whether using an endowment or restricted gift to meet budget shortfalls is prudent after considering all of the relevant factors.
How can I change a donor restriction?
If your endowment restrictions, after consideration of all the relevant factors, still prohibit you from making the desired expenditures, another option is to obtain a modification or release of the restrictions on your endowment. An Arizona charity may obtain release from, or modification of, restrictions on a gift by obtaining either the written consent of the donor or by obtaining a court order. Where a release cannot be obtained from the original donor, the court can modify a restriction regarding management, investment, or duration of a charitable fund if:
- The restriction has become impracticable or wasteful,
- It impairs the management or investment of an institutional fund,
- Or, because of circumstances not anticipated by the donor, a modification of a restriction will further the purposes of the fund.
In either case, the Arizona Attorney General must be notified and given the opportunity to be heard.
Exception for Small, Old Funds
UMPIFA makes it easier to release restrictions on small, older funds. Different states adopted different thresholds here but by way of example, in Arizona, there is an easy way to release restrictions on small, old funds that meet the following criteria:
- The restriction is unlawful, impracticable, impossible to achieve, or wasteful;
- The fund is worth less than $50K;
- The fund is more than 20 Years Old; and
- The charity uses the property in a manner consistent with the purposes expressed in the gift instrument.
In such cases, the charity can notify the Attorney General and wait 60 days “ if there is no objection from the AG, no court approval or donor consent is required.
Can We Borrow from the Endowment?
Charities that are experiencing financial difficulties often want to borrow from their endowments but UPMIFA has something to say about that too. If the Charity is holding the endowment, this won’t work because it can’t invest in itself. When an affiliate holds the endowment, a loan can be analyzed as an investment under UPMIFA. However, UPMIFA requires charities to invest using a modern portfolio standard taking into account:
- general economic conditions;
- the possible effect of inflation or deflation;
- expected tax consequences of investment decisions;
- the role of each investment in the whole portfolio;
- the expected total return from income and appreciation of investments;
- other resources of the organization;
- the needs of the organization and the fund to make distributions and to preserve capital; and
- an asset’s special relationship or special value, if any, to the charitable purposes of the organization.
This approach is designed to increase diversity and reduce risk. Most often, if the charity can’t qualify for a bank loan, its debt is unlikely to meet UPMIFA’s investment standards.
Tough times call for creative problem-solving. If your organization is struggling and has endowment funds, there may be hidden opportunities to increase funding but careful due diligence is required to ensure any increase in spending, modification of restrictions or borrowing is within the bounds of the law.
Ellis Carter is a nonprofit lawyer with Caritas Law Group, P.C. licensed to practice in Washington and Arizona. Ellis advises nonprofit and socially responsible businesses on corporate, tax, and fundraising regulations nationwide. Ellis also advises donors with regard to major gifts. To schedule a consultation with Ellis, call 602-456-0071 or email us through our contact form.
10 thoughts on “What You Need to Know About Endowment Restrictions”
Can a board place unrestricted funds into the permanent endowment and stipulate that it must stay in the endowment in perpetuity?
They can but that is considered a quasi-endowment because the Board can always unrestricted the funds.
Dear Sirs/Madames:
A couple donate a large sum to support a local orchestra. The quasi endowment is stewarded by the university because the orchestra is a program of the university (and derives its (501)c3 though the university). The orchestra receives income from the endowment.
Problems arise between the university and orchestra. The orchestra wants to split and go solo as a separate non-profit entity. Does the orchestra have any claim over the endowment?
Thanks in advance.
The answer depends on state law and the wording of the individual gifts/solicitations.
I established an endowed scholarship at a college. I have asked for but have never received an annual accounting of its principal balance, the amount of scholarship money generated or distributed, and the identity/major of the recipient(s), which is restricted based on terms set forth in the initial scholarship set-up. I believe I have the right to know that the endowment is being administered properly, but I can’t tell due to the reluctance to provide any information. Can I take back the endowment? How would I go about doing so? What tax ramifications would go along with this?
It depends on the terms of your gift agreement and state law.
Hello,
I am the President of the Board of a small nonprofit Team Velvet Inc., EIN 26-2167394
and it would be very helpful to me to print a copy of this article “What You Need to Know
About Endowment Restrictions.”
Could you send me a link or permission to do so for the use of our charity? We provide nonmounted horse therapy to children ages 5-12 without fee to families and are trying to grow our charity which makes
a difference in the life of children, one child at a time.
Thank you.
Susan Edwards PhD
We offer blanket permission in our terms of service so long as you attribute the article. Best, Ellis
Can an endowment loan money to its donors?
If the endowment is held by a 501c3, and that 501c3 is a private foundation, then such a loan would be a self dealing violation. Even if the 501c3 is a public charity, then it must also consider that it is subject to UPMIFA which imposes a duty to consider risk and diversify. A loan to a single person would generally be considered a risky investment and could raise diversification issues under UPMIFA as well. If the terms are not fair to the nonprofit, it could also be an excess benefit transaction which could subject the borrower and the directors and officers of the nonprofit to penalties.